黄土高原的青春足迹——北京知青在延安画集

主创：刘德惠 编辑：吴冰

The Footprints of Youth on the Loess Plateau - Beijing Educated Youth in Yan'an Painting Collection

Creator: Liu Dehui Editor: Wu Bing

北京知青到延安插队是中国20世纪60年代末至70年代“知识青年上山下乡”运动的重要组成部分。

延安作为中国革命的圣地，在抗日战争和解放战争时期，延安是中共中央所在地，培养了大量革命干部，形成了“自力更生、艰苦奋斗”的延安精神。选择延安作为北京知青的主要插队地之一，既有让知青继承革命传统，接受“再教育”的考虑；也基于城市里累积了大量毕业生无法安置的现实需求。加之当时陕北经济落后，农业劳动力短缺，知青的到来可补充当地生产力量。同时，中央希望通过知青带来的文化、技术，助力老区建设。1969年初，首批约2.6万名北京知青赴延安插队。

相比兵团知青，插队知青居住点分散，缺少组织化，也没有制度约束。尽管知青点是“各行其是”但在特定历史条件下的生存状态，心路历程，决定了他们在生产、生活模式上大同小异。

这组画用直白的艺术语言再现了插队知青在困境中的生命韧度。

画家简介：

刘德惠：1969年元月去陕西省宜君县插队。（当年宜君县隶属于延安地区）1951年生于北京，研究生学历，中国艺术研究院特约研究员、北京齐白石研究会会员。散文在线签约作家。作品自1992年起在国内外重要展览中亮相。

吴冰：1969年元月去陕西黄龙县插队。1952年生于北京，大专学历，新闻专业。长期从事工笔画创作。她笔触细腻，线条流畅且富张力。

· 重要参展与收藏：

1992年：北京、香港双城展，作品被香港书画界收藏

1995年作品入选《当代翰墨大观》

1997年：国家博物馆中国艺术人才书画展获佳作奖

1997年：纪念党中央进驻延安六十周年书画展（作品被收藏）

1997年《中国艺术人才书画作品展》

2025年全国优秀艺术家刘德惠吴冰夫妇专访

· 荣誉：

1996年入选《中国文艺人才库》

1998年《二十世纪中国人物大典》

2022年“全国最受市场欢迎的百强书画名家”

2023年“全国最具影响力的艺术家”

《响应号召》"Responding to the Call"

毛主席发出“知识青年到农村去很有必要”的号召后，“老三届”积极响应踊跃报名到延安插队。

After Chairman Mao issued a call that "it is necessary for intellectual youth to go to the countryside", the "old three" actively responded and enthusiastically signed up to join the queue in Yan'an.

《奔赴延安》

Head to yanan

带着响应毛主席指示的自豪感和使命感，我们坐着知青专列离开北京奔赴延安插队。当时的精神状态很亢奋，就像有首歌词写的那样“毛主席的战士最听党的话，哪里需要哪里去，哪里艰苦哪安家。”

With a sense of pride and mission in response to Chairman Mao's instructions, we left Beijing on a special train for educated youth and rushed to Yan'an to join the queue. At that time, the mental state was very excited, as a lyric wrote: "Chairman Mao's soldiers listened to the party's words the most, where they were needed, where they were hard, and where they were hard."

《住过的窑洞》

The cave dwellings I have lived in.

为了解决知青住宿，有的生产队腾出队部的窑洞；有的是动员人口少的家庭腾出自家窑洞用来安置知青。

陕北窑洞面积大约在二十平方米左右。一孔窑洞里能住五六个人。窑洞里有土坑，土炕连着一个烧柴做饭的灶台，炕对面放个装粮食用的木柜，靠近门口的位置放着一口水缸。门外堆了一些柴火。插队生活的序幕就此拉开。

In order to solve the problem of educated youth accommodation, some production teams vacated the cave dwellings of the team headquarters; Some mobilized families with small populations to vacate their cave dwellings to settle educated youths. The cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi cover an area of about 20 square meters. Five or six people can live in a cave dwelling. There is an earthen pit in the cave dwelling, and the earthen kang is connected to a stove for burning wood for cooking, a wooden cabinet for grain is placed opposite the kang, and a water tank is placed near the door. Some firewood was piled up outside the door. The prelude to jumping the queue began.

《油泼面》oil-splashed noodles

到陕西插队吃的第一顿饭就是油泼面，见到的第一个碗便是大老碗。待久了才知道油泼面是陕西人的招牌饭，大老碗是陕西饭桌上的门面，大气豪放。

The first meal I had in Shaanxi during the sent-down youth period was Youpo Mian (oil-splashed noodles), and the first bowl I saw was the big old bowl. It was only after staying for a while that I realized Youpo Mian is the signature dish of Shaanxi people, and the big old bowl is the hallmark of the dining table in Shaanxi, representing a generous and bold style.

《土井》

Earthen well

这口深三十二丈的土井是村里唯一的清洁水源，滋养着百余口人。每次打水需要三个人协作，一个拉井绳，另外俩人摇辘轳往上提水。好景不长几年后井枯竭了，坍塌了。从此再也没有干净水喝了。

This 32-foot-deep earthen well is the only source of clean water in the village, nourishing more than 100 people. Each time water is drawn, three people need to cooperate, one pulls the well rope, and the other two shake the wheel to lift the water. The good times did not last long, and after a few years, the well dried up and collapsed. I never had clean water to drink again.

《砍柴归来》

Returning from chopping wood

砍柴是插队生活中的一件大事，柴火是唯一的能源。附近的树不能砍，每次砍柴都要去远离村子的山沟里寻找那些尚未成材的杂木。把砍下来的柴捆好后再找一根粗的树干插入柴中，然后扛着沉甸甸的木材从沟底往上攀爬。

Chopping firewood is a major event in the life of jumping the queue, and firewood is the only source of energy. Nearby trees cannot be cut down, and every time they chop wood, they have to go to the ravine far away from the village to find those miscellaneous trees that have not yet matured. After tying up the cut firewood, find a thick trunk and insert it into the firewood, and then carry the heavy wood up from the bottom of the ditch.

《喂猪》Feeding the pigs

初到村里有个美好的愿望，想通过养猪改善生活。于是在集市上买了头半大的小猪回来饲养。喂猪说起来是件很容易的事情，其实不然。特别是防疫不到位猪的成活率很低。辛辛苦苦喂养的小猪没有逃脱死亡的命运。

When I first arrived in the village, I had a good wish to improve my life through pig farming. So he bought a half-sized piglet at the market and brought it back to raise. Feeding pigs is an easy thing to say, but it is not. In particular, the survival rate of pigs without epidemic prevention is very low. The piglets that were fed so hard did not escape the fate of death.

《做饭》"Cooking"

初到农村做饭成了问题。最初的做法有点“乌托邦”，采取轮流值班做饭。实践证明这是一条“死路”。一是个人生活能力难以承担；二是面对从未用过的土灶、烧柴等一系列具体操作，需要一点点的适应。大家下工回来了，饭还没做好。面对残酷的现实，只能是分灶各自去解决吃饭问题。

Cooking in the countryside became a problem when I first arrived. The initial approach was a bit "utopian", taking turns to cook. Practice has proved that this is a "dead end". First, it is difficult to bear the ability to live in a person's life; Second, in the face of a series of specific operations such as earthen stoves and firewood that have never been used, it takes a little bit of adaptation. Everyone came back from work, and the meal was not ready yet. In the face of the cruel reality, we can only solve the problem of eating separately.

《取暖》

"Warmth"

火盆是冬天取暖的唯一办法，要把火盆弄好并不容易。最关键的是要把木头先烧成“木炭”，这点做不好，那就是烟熏火燎。多亏乡亲们的指点。

The brazier is the only way to warm up in winter, and it is not easy to get the brazier right. The most important thing is to burn the wood into "charcoal" first, which is not done well, that is, smoke and fire. Thanks to the guidance of the villagers.

《开荒造田》

Excavating soil to create farmland

开荒和修梯田是改变农业生产条件的基本工程，这些活儿一般都安排在农闲时进行。全凭两只手打造出一片新天地。

Reclamation and terrace repair are basic projects to change agricultural production conditions, and these tasks are generally arranged during the slack time. Create a new world with two hands.

《春种》

Spring sowing

陕北旱塬春种有多种情况，略微平点的土地采用牛拉犁的方法耕种。坡地和沟沟坎坎的地方，人用镐刨个窝窝，撒上种子埋下即可。因为旱塬没有水源，种子撒下后就听天由命了。收成好坏真是“靠天吃饭”。

There are many situations in spring planting in the dry plains of northern Shaanxi, and the slightly flat land is cultivated by oxen pulling plows. In the places where slopes and ditches are bumpy, people can use a pickaxe to dig a nest and sprinkle seeds to bury it. Because there is no water source in the dry field, the seeds are left to fate after sowing. The harvest is really "dependent on the sky".

《微光的力量》"The Power of Shimmer"

1969年初离开北京到延安插队，那时的陕北农村还没有电。能在煤油灯下学习和思考是一件奢侈的事。

夜很黑，窑洞里很静，那束微弱的光把我带到自己喜欢的地方。

In early 1969, he left Beijing to join the queue in Yan'an, when there was no electricity in the countryside of northern Shaanxi. It is a luxury to be able to learn and think under a kerosene lamp. The night was dark, the cave was quiet, and the faint light took me to my favorite place.

《赶集去》

"Rush to the Market"

困在一个没有电，也看不到报纸的偏僻村子里，好像是与世隔绝了。走在赶集的路上，哪怕是听一声汽车的鸣笛，看看路上的行人，都是对情绪的安抚。

Trapped in a remote village with no electricity and no newspapers, it seems to be isolated. Walking on the road to the market, even listening to the whistle of a car and looking at the pedestrians on the road, is a soothing for emotions.

《玉米丰收了》

The corn harvest is abundant.

初到生产队时，一千多亩地养活百十口人都困难。如何提高玉米产量，解决广种薄收问题？经过和生产队长协商，决定“搞块玉米双行密植实验田”（玉米地里套种大豆）。在队里的支持下，开始做实验。最终收获玉米亩产700斤，大豆180斤合计880斤，是传统种植亩产的2.5倍。

When I first arrived at the production team, it was difficult to feed more than 1,000 acres of land. How to increase corn yield and solve the problem of wide planting and thin harvest? After consultation with the production captain, it was decided to "build a double-row dense planting experimental field of corn" (soybeans are planted in the corn field). With the support of the team, the experiment began. In the end, 700 pounds of corn and 180 pounds of soybeans were harvested, totaling 880 pounds, which was 2.5 times the yield of traditional planting per mu.

《交公粮》

"Paying Public Grain"

“交公粮”是计划经济时代，农民向国家无偿缴纳部分粮食作为农业税的制度安排，现代意义上的公粮制度始于1953年，2006年正式废止。

"Paying public grain" is an institutional arrangement in which farmers pay part of the grain to the state free of charge as an agricultural tax in the era of planned economy, and the public grain system in the modern sense began in 1953 and was officially abolished in 2006.

《上课》

Have class

教育缺失是困扰当地人们的一件大事，知青的到来给学龄儿童带来了希望。除了参加传统的农业生产劳动外，一些有知识、有想法的知青，担负起学龄儿童受教育的重担。

The lack of education is a major event that plagues the local people, and the arrival of educated youth brings hope to school-age children. In addition to participating in traditional agricultural production and labor, some knowledgeable and thoughtful educated youths shoulder the burden of school-age children's education.

《拉练》

field training exercise

1971年延安地区组织所有北京知青进行了一次大规模的徒步“拉练”活动。知青们背着背包从各自所在县出发，沿途参观了红军长征期间的革命遗址，然后到达延安参观革命遗址，接受延安革命传统教育。

In 1971, the Yan'an area organized all Beijing educated youths to carry out a large-scale walking "training" activity. The educated youths set off from their respective counties with backpacks on their backs, visited the revolutionary sites during the Red Army's Long March along the way, and then arrived in Yan'an to visit the revolutionary sites and receive traditional education in Yan'an.

结束语:

时至今日，尽管知识青年上山下乡那场运动已经远去，但由此对一代人独特生命体验的真实记录，将继续作为民族记忆的一部分流传下去。

To this day, although the movement of intellectual youth to the mountains and countryside has long gone, the true record of the unique life experience of a generation will continue to be passed down as part of the national memory.